考題實例：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introd

考題實例：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. （2000）

大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

長句 拆分 被動

考題實例：In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization－with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. （2000）

在先期實現工業(yè)化的歐洲國家中，其工業(yè)化進程及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革，持續(xù)了大約一個世紀之久，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在十年左右就可能完成這個過程。

考試由于時間的限制，一般不允許有太長的句子翻譯。不過，相對而言有些考題要長一些，文句結構復一些，因此翻譯的雜難度也較大。請看下面一道英譯漢原題。

Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team.

此題涉及被動語態(tài)、過去進行時態(tài)、定語從句以及名詞的數等翻譯技巧。

經過增詞、轉換、結構調整和句子切分，我們便可將以上3部分串在一起，得出以下譯文。

參考譯文：1998年世界杯被捧走以后很久，失望的球迷們還在咒罵那些有爭議的裁定，這些裁定剝奪了他們所支持的球隊獲勝的機會。

或：1998年世界杯結束很久之后，失望的球迷們仍在咒罵那些有爭議的球場裁決，這些裁決使他們心目中的強隊（或：他們?yōu)橹畢群爸那蜿牐﹩适Я双@勝的機會。（或：與世界杯失之交臂。）

II. 英譯漢長句翻譯的基本方法技巧

英譯漢長句翻譯的關鍵在于兩點：一是對原文的準確理解，二是恰如其分的表達。理解階段可分為3個步驟：1. 扼要擬出全句的主要輪廓；2. 辨清該句的主從結構，并根據上下文領會全句的要旨；3. 找出句與句之間的從屬關系，理清每句原文的意思。表達可分為2個步驟進行：1. 試將每個劃開的單句逐一翻譯；2. 將譯出的句子進行調整、組合，對譯文作加工潤色。

最常見的長句處理方法是化整為零，分散解決。此外，還有拆譯法、插入標點法、重組法等。對于譯者來說，最重要的問題是怎樣把握好譯文的要點，安排好譯文的框架結構，形成準確、通順的譯文。除了準確理解原文之外，譯文的成功與否很大程度上取決于譯者的母語的駕馭能力以及對翻譯技巧的靈活運用。

1. 切分法

切分法為翻譯英語長句的最常見的方法，將英語長句按意群切分為若干小句再逐句翻譯。

1) Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

人類把自己和其他動物區(qū)別開來。與此同時，人類還具有觀察和了解周圍環(huán)境的能力。他們要么適應環(huán)境，要么控制環(huán)境，或根據自身的需要改造環(huán)境。人類就這樣一代代地生存下來。

2) Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost and lime which can be obtained from the calcination of limestone widely present in nature.

塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不盡的到處可以獲得的天然資源；煤是用自動化和機械化的方法開采的，成本較低；石灰是由煅燒自然界中廣泛存在的石灰石得來的。

3) Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity, taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel, both for sending to other works for further treatment, and as finished products such as joists and other consumers.

通常煉鐵的地方也煉鋼。因此，現代煉鋼廠是一個配套的整體，運進原料，生產各種類型的鑄鐵與鋼材；有的送往其他工廠進一步加工處理，有的就地制成成品，如工字鋼及其他一些成材。

2. 拆譯法

這種方法是指將原文中的某一部分（如單詞、短語或從句）提取出來單獨處理，或放在譯文句首，或放在譯文句末，它既不同于倒置法，又有別于切分法，可用于保持原文的語氣。

1) The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible-about one in four.

大約有四分之一的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力，這簡直令人難以置信！(將單詞拆分出來翻譯)

2) The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw.

外賓觀看了在北京舉行的這場錦標賽。這場比賽在發(fā)扣球、旋轉球、保險球、吊球和扣殺方面技術都十分精湛，最后打成平局。他們看得簡直入迷了。(將單短語分出來翻譯)

3) The very important oil industry, which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World War II, made considerable headway especially in the five states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas.

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后石油工業(yè)對振興南部經濟起了很大的作用。這個十分重要的工業(yè)部門特別是在以下五個州中取得了很大的進展：阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷馬和得克薩斯。(將從句拆分出來翻譯)

3. 插入標點法

這種方法是指插入原文中所沒有的標點符號，如破折號、括號、冒號等。用這種方法可保持原文的連貫性。

1) The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley.

雪，在四處飄落著。雪花撒在樹上，撒在田野里，撒在河邊、湖畔、山上、谷底 ── 沒有一條巖縫墻隙里不飄滿雪花。(插入破折號)

2) The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

第二個方面是全體社會成員（從政府官員到普通公民）都使用科學家們在他們工作中所采用的那種特殊的思考方法和行為方法。(插入括號)

3) If you go to visit Nobel‘s old residence, the house in which the great chemist remained a bachelor throughout his life, you will catch sight of a shelf laden with experimental records.

如果你參觀諾貝爾的故居 ── 在那座房子里，這位偉大的化學家過了一輩子的獨身生活 ── 你將會看到一個堆滿實驗記錄的書架。(插入雙破折號)

4) As far as sight could reach, I feasted my eyes on a vastness of infinite charm, which presents itself in a profusion of color, in verdant luxuriance, in dulcet warbling, in pervading perfume, in rippling undulation, in cataract sprays, in hilly waves, in field crisscross and verily in vitality and variety.

縱目眺望，我飽覽了一片無限嬌艷的風光：萬紫千紅，郁郁蔥蔥。鳥語悅耳，花香襲人，漣漪蕩漾，瀑布飛流，層巒起伏，阡陌縱橫，真是生機勃勃，氣象萬千。(插入冒號)

4. 句子重組法

重組法也叫做綜合法，在準確地領會、把握了原文的基礎上，打破原文的結構，用譯者自己的話恰如其分地表達出原文的信息、含義和精神風貌。這是長句翻譯中最難掌握的翻譯方法，是對譯者的外語和母語駕馭能力的一種嚴峻的挑戰(zhàn)。

1) In practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.

為保證最大分辨率必須選用薄層，為使誤差最小卻須選用厚層，實際上通常選擇介于兩者之間的最佳厚度。

2) Dr. Smith resumed the activities of anti-cancer experiment begun in 1945 and financed by the Federal government as soon as he snapped from his original disappointment at repeated failures, which had resulted in its forced suspension.

史密斯醫(yī)生于1945年開始著手由聯邦政府資助的抗癌實驗。他由于屢遭失敗而感到沮喪，被迫終止了實驗工作?，F在他又重新振作起來，恢復了抗癌實驗活動。

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